Sales of dietary supplements by physicians, acupuncturists, chiropractors, and other licensed professionals raise thorny legal issues. This can be confusing, because on one hand, “everybody does it” — i.e., sales of dietary supplements by clinicians such as medical doctors is widespread in the industry; on the other hand, the American Medical Association actively discourages the practice through its ethics opinions, which explicitly prohibit such conflicts of interest between care for the patient, and the doctor’s financial self-interest.
If you are a medical or osteopathic doctor, chiropractor, acupuncturist, or other licensed health care provider, and you believe it’s best for your patients (and practice) to sell dietary supplements within your practice (or to generate income by doing so through a third-party dietary supplement manufacturer, where you get a “cut” by referring patients to the website, here are the most important legal considerations:
- Yes, selling dietary supplements to your patients does pose a conflict of interest; and yes, the AMA, among other professional organizations, considers this an ethical violation.
- Technically, this might be considered a “kickback” or “fee-splitting” violation. Much depends on what your state law says–some state laws only address kickbacks and fee-splitting in the context of services and not goods. The way your compensation is structured also can make a difference. If, for example, patient funds flow first to the dietary supplement manufacturer, to whose site you have directed the patient, and then the dietary supplement manufacturer writes your a check, then this might be considered a “kickback” to you for “referring” the patient to the dietary supplement manufacturer.
- Beware of state laws prohibition patient “exploitation.” These legal rules could be used against you when you sell dietary supplements to your patients.
- One New York lower court has found that because a physician who used alternative medicine also sold a patient dietary supplements, the patient could sue the physician not only for negligence, but also for recklessness. Legally, recklessness carries a higher degree of culpability than medical malpractice–opening the door to punitive damages. This can be a whopper.
- Check with your state licensing board. The Board may have its own regulations, additional to statutes. For example, the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine has a rule that expressly disfavors physician profit on in-office sales of health-related products (such as dietary supplements). The Massachusetts Board describes the practice as “exploitative.” See below
- Check any state law rules on in-office ancillary services (IOAS) to see whether there is any carve-out for the sale of dietary supplements.
- Check state law to see whether there is a legal (statutory) limit on the profit or markup you can make from the dietary supplement sales. This is, for example, the case in New Jersey (see Physician Sale of Dietary Supplements – Legal and Regulatory Restrictions).
- Check state law to see whether you must make any disclosure of your financial interest in the dietary supplement sale; and even if no disclosure is required, consider making such as disclosure as a risk management gesture. See below.
These are general guidelines; they will not guarantee freedom from enforcement activity, but they will supplement (pardon the pun) good clinical sense and judgment with a beginning legal roadmap. It’s always best to contact an integrative medicine attorney to review the legal rules in your state that are relevant to your situation. Quoting the Massachusetts Board here:
Physicians should not sell, lease or rent any product in a manner that has the potential to exploit patients, including but not limited to exclusive distributorships or personal branding. Physicians should not use their office or their professional relationship with patients to promote any business venture or solicit investors. In limited circumstances, when it is beneficial to the patient, it may be appropriate for physicians to sell durable medical goods essential to the patient’s care. Prior to any such sale physicians should disclose to patients any financial interest they may have in the transaction. Patients should be informed that they are under no obligation to purchase durable medical goods from the physician and should be informed of the availability of the product or other equivalent product elsewhere. This information shall be conveyed via an easily understood notice prominently posted in the office.
One more guideline we offer is for the practitioner to provide the patient with a disclosure (whether or not required by law), such as the following:
“My office sells dietary supplements to you at a % markup from cost. This still represents a discount to you of % from what you would pay for the same products as a retail customer. However, you are under no obligation to purchase these products from my office; you may purchase the same products elsewhere; and your quality of care in my office will not be affected by your decision to purchase or not purchase products from my office.”
Here, the practitioner is informing the patient about the markup, that the patient is free to buy elsewhere, and that clinical decision-making remains unaffected by the purchase decision.
Note that if you a non-licensed practitioner who wants to offer nutritional advice, different legal rules apply. See, for example, California Law for Non-Licensed Practitioners and Nutritional Advice. And, if you are a dietary supplement manufacturer, private labeler, or distributor who wants to make claims about the product’s benefits, you must comply with FDA legal rules — primarily those governing structure-function claims and prohibiting claims about the effect on disease. The slippery slope between permissible and impermissible claims can be tricky – for example, you can talk about “weight loss” but not about “obesity.”
As well, there are limits on implicit claims that are made by hyperlinking to medical literature. And, beware of FTC prohibitions on deceptive and misleading advertising for health products. See, for instance, FTC Statement to Congress on Deceptive Marketing of Dietary Supplements. If you are part of a multi-level marketing company that sells dietary supplements, there are other legal pitfalls.
To be on the safe side: Contact our integrative medicine lawyers for legal advice on your integrative medicine project, including proposed in-office sales of dietary supplements.
Contact our healthcare law and FDA attorneys for legal advice relevant to your healthcare venture.
